Thursday, August 10, 2006
THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE
THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE
(By: dinggol a.divinagracia)
Behind the success or failure of Filipino Leaders; be it family, friend or acquaintance who have greatly influenced their fate for history … is a Bisaya and/or an Ilonggo!
---------------
* Mactan Chieftain Lapu Lapu
Cebu King Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula, both collaborated with the Spanish “discoverers” under Ferdinand Magellan to kill Lapu Lapu. In the ensuing battle of Mactan, Magellan was slain and Lapu Lapu became our foremost hero.
-----------------
* Cebu King Datu Tupas
Boholano leaders Datu Sikatuna and Datu Sigala, performed the "Blood Compact" as token of friendship with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Thereafter, they assisted the Spaniards to invade Cebu. The Spanish led invasion was victorious and Datu Tupas agreed to pay tributes for protection from the victors. This was the first recorded "Protection Racket" in Philippine history.
-----------
The “El Adelantado” Miguel Lopez de Legspi then established the first permanent Spanish settlement on the island of Cebu. Thus, began the colonization and christianization of the whole archipelago with the sword and the cross.
-----------
* Philippine National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal
Graciano Lopez Jaena of Jaro in Iloilo, together with Jose P. Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar composed the great triumvirate of the Propaganda Movement in Spain during the late 1800's. Lopez Jaena was the founder of the La Solidaridad, the organ of the propaganda movement --that ignited the spark of the Philippine Revolution.
------------
* Katipunan Supremo Andres Bonifacio
Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo, of Aklan (then part of Capiz) donated part of their lottery winnings in Australia to set-up a printing press for the Katipunan‘s “Kalayaan” kartilla. They were commissioned by the Supremo to organize a Katipunan chapter in their home province. Both were killed in action during the early part of the revolution.
------------------
* President Emilio Aguinaldo
Gregorio S. Araneta of Molo, Iloilo City– As Secretary General of the Malolos Congress led in framing the Constitution of the First Philippine Republic under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. He was the first Philippine Secretary of Finance, Justice and Solicitor General.
------------------------------------------------
* President Manuel L. Quezon
His Vice President was Sergio Osmena of Cebu and Jorge B. Vargas of Bago, Negros Occidental was his Executive Secretary. President Quezon’s daughter, María Zeneida "Nini" Quezon -a widow re-married to Alberto Avancena, son of Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of Arevalo, Iloilo and Proserfina Abad of Leyte.
------------------------------------------------
* President Sergio Osmena
The post WWII president who took the reins of government on February 1945 is a Bisaya from Cebu of Chinese descent, whose son Serging married an ilongga ..Lourdes de la Rama. The Taipans "Golden Rule" began and gave a shot-in-the-arm to Philippine economy.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Jose P. Laurel
War time President; A risky decision to accept a difficult position in a very precarious situation. His son Salvador "Doy" married Celia Diaz of the Bacolod Locsin Clan. And another son Mariano married Alice of the Iloilo Yulo Clan.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Manuel A. Roxas
A Genuine Ilonggo from the Province of Capiz. The capital...Roxas City was named after him. He married Trinidad de Leon of Bulacan; hence, his Capizena sweetheart --the operatic diva Jovita Fuentes was broken hearted and echoed her sentiments in the immortal ilonggo folk song “Ay ay Kalisod, kalisod ining binaya-an” . President Roxas son, the late Senator Gerardo “Gerry” Roxas married Judy Araneta y Araneta of the old rich ilonggo family in Negros Occidental.
----------------------------------------------
* President Elpidio Quirino
His Bisaya Senate President, Jose Avelino of Samar, one of the few Filipino politicians at that time censured for his dealings; in reply to question on widespread corruption in government, cynically asked, "What are we in power for? We are not hypocrites. Why should we pretend to be saints when in reality we are not? . . .
-----------------------------------------------
* President Ramon Magsaysay
Was born in Iba, Zambales to Ezequiel Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro, a schoolteacher of Visayan descent. His daughter Mila married Cezar Infante Valenzuela of Valladolid, Negros Occidental.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Carlos P. Garcia
A Bisaya from Talibon, Bohol. President Garcia’s administration was anchored in his austerity program. His bold attempt to boost economic independence with the nationalistic "Filipino First Policy" caught the ire of Multi-National Giants and he lost the propaganda war against the big global Business interests.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Diosdado Macapagal
Entrusted to Ilonggo Rufino“Fenny”Hechanova the Cabinet positions of; Executive Secretary, Press Secretary, Finance Secretary and Secretary of Trade and Industry... not necessarily in that order. Justice Calixto Zaldivar of Antique, likewise served as his Executive Secretary.
-----------
The family of this Pampangueno who styled himself as the “poor boy” from Lubao, evidently love ilonggos. The low-profile son Arturo married Mariter Lacson Jalandoni of Iloilo City while small but terrible daughter Gloria married Mike Tuason Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Ferdinand E. Marcos
Married to the Imeldefic Bisayan Beauty, the Rose of Tacloban City, Leyte. His son Bong-Bong married Lawyer Liza Cacho Araneta of the Araneta clan-Negros Branch while youngest daughter Irene to Greggy scion of the Araneta clan-Iloilo Branch.
-----------
Under his administration served, the "Yin and Yang" of the Salas Clan of Negros; Roberto "Nonoy Bobby" Benedicto and Rafael "Toto Cay" Salas.
------------------------------------------------
* President Corazon C. Aquino
When "Ninoy" became a dream and "Cory" the reality --after ilonggo Prelate Jaime Cardinal Sin incited EDSA-I --she depended to ilonggos; Franklin M. Drilon as Executive Secretary; Justice Raul M. Gonzales as Tanodbayan (Ombudsman) and Solicitor General Frank Chavez to face the tentacles of the deposed dictator.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Fidel V. Ramos
Married to the dainty and demure ilongga Amelita "Ming" Jara Martinez of Lapaz, Iloilo City. Mr. "Tabako" was a principal figure in toppling the dictatorial regime of his cousin Ferdy. Inday Meriam and many others, however, are still doubtful of Apo Fidel's "Brown-Out" presidency.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Joseph Ejercito Estrada
His favorite connection, among others is his "Guiding Lady" from Bacolod City --Guia Gomez. Their son J.V. Ejercito, in now Mayor of San Juan City in Metro Manila. Eraps only daughter with Dra. Loi, Jacqueline "Jackie Estrada" Ejercito later married Manuel "Beaver" Lopez Jr. --scion of the super rich ilonggo Lopez family.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Her first and only Gentleman is Miguel Tuason Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental. A great grandson of Negros Island Revolutionary leader Gen. Aniceto Ledesma Lacson and Rosario Emilia Araneta. The second wife of Gen. Aniceto L. Lacson was Magdalena Torres.
------------
Presently, her ardent backers are ilonggo Justice Secretary Raul M. Gonzales and her defenders in Congress, the Defensors of Iloilo. While with "Joc-Joc" Bolante of Capiz .... a thorn in her throat.
------------------------------------
Even Filipino leadership on the opposite side of the political spectrum; NDF-CPA-NPA Jose Maria "Joma" Sison; has the ilonggo conjugal ex-clergy, Father Luis Jalandoni and Sister Coni Ledesma who also literally calls the shots.
----------------------------------------------
Today, a ray of "Hope" is conspicously glowing along the horizon that might revolutionize Filipino society. This was initiated by yet another modest ilonggo Antonio P. Meloto of Molo, Iloilo and Negros Occidental.
---------------
Tony has effectively started rekindle the inherent Filipino trait; the "Bayanihan Spirit" as Founder and Executive Director of GAWAD KALINGA.
--------------
GK is making waves throughout the Philippines and supported not only by concerned Filipino expatriates but also by benevolent groups worldwide.
----------------------------------------------
There must be something about the Bisaya or Ilonggo that makes them "Click!"
-------------
Ano tana rugya ?... Ay ma-an timo!.
-----------------------------
(Modified from previous INM Banwa_Mo posting)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oo0oo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(By: dinggol a.divinagracia)
Behind the success or failure of Filipino Leaders; be it family, friend or acquaintance who have greatly influenced their fate for history … is a Bisaya and/or an Ilonggo!
---------------
* Mactan Chieftain Lapu Lapu
Cebu King Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula, both collaborated with the Spanish “discoverers” under Ferdinand Magellan to kill Lapu Lapu. In the ensuing battle of Mactan, Magellan was slain and Lapu Lapu became our foremost hero.
-----------------
* Cebu King Datu Tupas
Boholano leaders Datu Sikatuna and Datu Sigala, performed the "Blood Compact" as token of friendship with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Thereafter, they assisted the Spaniards to invade Cebu. The Spanish led invasion was victorious and Datu Tupas agreed to pay tributes for protection from the victors. This was the first recorded "Protection Racket" in Philippine history.
-----------
The “El Adelantado” Miguel Lopez de Legspi then established the first permanent Spanish settlement on the island of Cebu. Thus, began the colonization and christianization of the whole archipelago with the sword and the cross.
-----------
* Philippine National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal
Graciano Lopez Jaena of Jaro in Iloilo, together with Jose P. Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar composed the great triumvirate of the Propaganda Movement in Spain during the late 1800's. Lopez Jaena was the founder of the La Solidaridad, the organ of the propaganda movement --that ignited the spark of the Philippine Revolution.
------------
* Katipunan Supremo Andres Bonifacio
Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo, of Aklan (then part of Capiz) donated part of their lottery winnings in Australia to set-up a printing press for the Katipunan‘s “Kalayaan” kartilla. They were commissioned by the Supremo to organize a Katipunan chapter in their home province. Both were killed in action during the early part of the revolution.
------------------
* President Emilio Aguinaldo
Gregorio S. Araneta of Molo, Iloilo City– As Secretary General of the Malolos Congress led in framing the Constitution of the First Philippine Republic under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. He was the first Philippine Secretary of Finance, Justice and Solicitor General.
------------------------------------------------
* President Manuel L. Quezon
His Vice President was Sergio Osmena of Cebu and Jorge B. Vargas of Bago, Negros Occidental was his Executive Secretary. President Quezon’s daughter, María Zeneida "Nini" Quezon -a widow re-married to Alberto Avancena, son of Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of Arevalo, Iloilo and Proserfina Abad of Leyte.
------------------------------------------------
* President Sergio Osmena
The post WWII president who took the reins of government on February 1945 is a Bisaya from Cebu of Chinese descent, whose son Serging married an ilongga ..Lourdes de la Rama. The Taipans "Golden Rule" began and gave a shot-in-the-arm to Philippine economy.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Jose P. Laurel
War time President; A risky decision to accept a difficult position in a very precarious situation. His son Salvador "Doy" married Celia Diaz of the Bacolod Locsin Clan. And another son Mariano married Alice of the Iloilo Yulo Clan.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Manuel A. Roxas
A Genuine Ilonggo from the Province of Capiz. The capital...Roxas City was named after him. He married Trinidad de Leon of Bulacan; hence, his Capizena sweetheart --the operatic diva Jovita Fuentes was broken hearted and echoed her sentiments in the immortal ilonggo folk song “Ay ay Kalisod, kalisod ining binaya-an” . President Roxas son, the late Senator Gerardo “Gerry” Roxas married Judy Araneta y Araneta of the old rich ilonggo family in Negros Occidental.
----------------------------------------------
* President Elpidio Quirino
His Bisaya Senate President, Jose Avelino of Samar, one of the few Filipino politicians at that time censured for his dealings; in reply to question on widespread corruption in government, cynically asked, "What are we in power for? We are not hypocrites. Why should we pretend to be saints when in reality we are not? . . .
-----------------------------------------------
* President Ramon Magsaysay
Was born in Iba, Zambales to Ezequiel Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro, a schoolteacher of Visayan descent. His daughter Mila married Cezar Infante Valenzuela of Valladolid, Negros Occidental.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Carlos P. Garcia
A Bisaya from Talibon, Bohol. President Garcia’s administration was anchored in his austerity program. His bold attempt to boost economic independence with the nationalistic "Filipino First Policy" caught the ire of Multi-National Giants and he lost the propaganda war against the big global Business interests.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Diosdado Macapagal
Entrusted to Ilonggo Rufino“Fenny”Hechanova the Cabinet positions of; Executive Secretary, Press Secretary, Finance Secretary and Secretary of Trade and Industry... not necessarily in that order. Justice Calixto Zaldivar of Antique, likewise served as his Executive Secretary.
-----------
The family of this Pampangueno who styled himself as the “poor boy” from Lubao, evidently love ilonggos. The low-profile son Arturo married Mariter Lacson Jalandoni of Iloilo City while small but terrible daughter Gloria married Mike Tuason Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Ferdinand E. Marcos
Married to the Imeldefic Bisayan Beauty, the Rose of Tacloban City, Leyte. His son Bong-Bong married Lawyer Liza Cacho Araneta of the Araneta clan-Negros Branch while youngest daughter Irene to Greggy scion of the Araneta clan-Iloilo Branch.
-----------
Under his administration served, the "Yin and Yang" of the Salas Clan of Negros; Roberto "Nonoy Bobby" Benedicto and Rafael "Toto Cay" Salas.
------------------------------------------------
* President Corazon C. Aquino
When "Ninoy" became a dream and "Cory" the reality --after ilonggo Prelate Jaime Cardinal Sin incited EDSA-I --she depended to ilonggos; Franklin M. Drilon as Executive Secretary; Justice Raul M. Gonzales as Tanodbayan (Ombudsman) and Solicitor General Frank Chavez to face the tentacles of the deposed dictator.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Fidel V. Ramos
Married to the dainty and demure ilongga Amelita "Ming" Jara Martinez of Lapaz, Iloilo City. Mr. "Tabako" was a principal figure in toppling the dictatorial regime of his cousin Ferdy. Inday Meriam and many others, however, are still doubtful of Apo Fidel's "Brown-Out" presidency.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Joseph Ejercito Estrada
His favorite connection, among others is his "Guiding Lady" from Bacolod City --Guia Gomez. Their son J.V. Ejercito, in now Mayor of San Juan City in Metro Manila. Eraps only daughter with Dra. Loi, Jacqueline "Jackie Estrada" Ejercito later married Manuel "Beaver" Lopez Jr. --scion of the super rich ilonggo Lopez family.
-----------------------------------------------
* President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Her first and only Gentleman is Miguel Tuason Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental. A great grandson of Negros Island Revolutionary leader Gen. Aniceto Ledesma Lacson and Rosario Emilia Araneta. The second wife of Gen. Aniceto L. Lacson was Magdalena Torres.
------------
Presently, her ardent backers are ilonggo Justice Secretary Raul M. Gonzales and her defenders in Congress, the Defensors of Iloilo. While with "Joc-Joc" Bolante of Capiz .... a thorn in her throat.
------------------------------------
Even Filipino leadership on the opposite side of the political spectrum; NDF-CPA-NPA Jose Maria "Joma" Sison; has the ilonggo conjugal ex-clergy, Father Luis Jalandoni and Sister Coni Ledesma who also literally calls the shots.
----------------------------------------------
Today, a ray of "Hope" is conspicously glowing along the horizon that might revolutionize Filipino society. This was initiated by yet another modest ilonggo Antonio P. Meloto of Molo, Iloilo and Negros Occidental.
---------------
Tony has effectively started rekindle the inherent Filipino trait; the "Bayanihan Spirit" as Founder and Executive Director of GAWAD KALINGA.
--------------
GK is making waves throughout the Philippines and supported not only by concerned Filipino expatriates but also by benevolent groups worldwide.
----------------------------------------------
There must be something about the Bisaya or Ilonggo that makes them "Click!"
-------------
Ano tana rugya ?... Ay ma-an timo!.
-----------------------------
(Modified from previous INM Banwa_Mo posting)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oo0oo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Economics of the World
Here's a comparative analysis of the Economics of the World
(by Freddy Panes (INM-Banwa_Mo: Philadelphia USA)
THE ECONOMICS OF THE WORLD
TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You sell one and buy a bull.
Your herd multiplies and the economy grows.
You retire on the income.
CHINESE ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You have 300 people milking them.
You claim full employment, high bovine productivity and arrest anyone reporting the actual numbers.
INDIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You worship them.
PAKISTAN ECONOMICS
You don't have any cows.
You claim that the Indian cows belong to you.
You ask the US for financial aid, China for military aid, Britain for warplanes, Italy for machines, Germany for technology, France for submarines, Switzerland for loans, Russia for drugs and Japan for equipment.
You buy the cows with all this and claim exploitation by the world.
AMERICAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You sell one and force the other to produce the milk of four cows.
You profess surprise when the cow drops dead.
You put the blame on some nation with cows & naturally that nation will be a danger to mankind.
You wage war to save the world and grab the cows.
FRENCH ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You go on strike because you want three cows.
GERMAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You reengineer them so that they live for 100 years, eat once a month and milk themselves.
BRITISH ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
They are both mad.
ITALIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You don't know where they are.
You break for lunch.
SWISS ECONOMICS
You have 5000 cows, none of which belong to you.
You charge others for storing them.
JAPANESE ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You redesign them so that they are one-tenth the size of an ordinary cow and produce twenty times the milk.
You then create cute cartoon cow images called COWKIMON and market them worldwide.
RUSSIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You count them and learn you have five cows.
You count them again and learn you have 42 cows.
You count them again and learn you have 17 cows.
You give up counting and open another bottle of vodka.
MALAYSIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You slaughter one for Hari Raya Puasa and the other for Hari Raya Haji.
Just before that, both the cows were wandering along the PLUS Highways.
PHILIPPINE ECONOMICS
You have only one cow.
So the government claims there is a shortage of cows.
The government ask grants from other countries so the country can produce more cows.
The other countries oblige.
The government divides the grants among themselves, and blames the opposition of corruption.
The people stage People Power 42.
The government is overthrown.
Then its back to the single cow.
(by Freddy Panes (INM-Banwa_Mo: Philadelphia USA)
THE ECONOMICS OF THE WORLD
TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You sell one and buy a bull.
Your herd multiplies and the economy grows.
You retire on the income.
CHINESE ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You have 300 people milking them.
You claim full employment, high bovine productivity and arrest anyone reporting the actual numbers.
INDIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You worship them.
PAKISTAN ECONOMICS
You don't have any cows.
You claim that the Indian cows belong to you.
You ask the US for financial aid, China for military aid, Britain for warplanes, Italy for machines, Germany for technology, France for submarines, Switzerland for loans, Russia for drugs and Japan for equipment.
You buy the cows with all this and claim exploitation by the world.
AMERICAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You sell one and force the other to produce the milk of four cows.
You profess surprise when the cow drops dead.
You put the blame on some nation with cows & naturally that nation will be a danger to mankind.
You wage war to save the world and grab the cows.
FRENCH ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You go on strike because you want three cows.
GERMAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You reengineer them so that they live for 100 years, eat once a month and milk themselves.
BRITISH ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
They are both mad.
ITALIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You don't know where they are.
You break for lunch.
SWISS ECONOMICS
You have 5000 cows, none of which belong to you.
You charge others for storing them.
JAPANESE ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You redesign them so that they are one-tenth the size of an ordinary cow and produce twenty times the milk.
You then create cute cartoon cow images called COWKIMON and market them worldwide.
RUSSIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You count them and learn you have five cows.
You count them again and learn you have 42 cows.
You count them again and learn you have 17 cows.
You give up counting and open another bottle of vodka.
MALAYSIAN ECONOMICS
You have two cows.
You slaughter one for Hari Raya Puasa and the other for Hari Raya Haji.
Just before that, both the cows were wandering along the PLUS Highways.
PHILIPPINE ECONOMICS
You have only one cow.
So the government claims there is a shortage of cows.
The government ask grants from other countries so the country can produce more cows.
The other countries oblige.
The government divides the grants among themselves, and blames the opposition of corruption.
The people stage People Power 42.
The government is overthrown.
Then its back to the single cow.
THE "EX-FUTURE" ILONGGO NATION
The "Ex-Future" Ilonggo Nation
By: dinggol a. divinagracia
(Founder: Ilonggo "Nation" Movement)
In the middle part of December 2005, while writing as a newbie my first article "A Chronology: The Ilonggo Nation".. I came to realize ...that ignored in the dustbin of history, important events of the yesteryears that deserve appropriate attention and due recognition.
How and why these glorious moments in the past are forgotten and lost to oblivion boggles my mind:
Is it because history is for the victors?... Maybe another deceptive agenda like the "Mock Battle of Manila" when imperialism substituted centuries of colonialism...or perhaps to fulfill our manifest destiny... inculcate in the minds of future generations that we gain freedom and independence not in the fields of battle but thru the benevolence of our new masters... on a silver platter...or is it just a travesty of history.
Complete text of article "A Chronology: The Ilonggo Nation" at:
http://www.ilonggo-nation.8k.com
Here's excerpt from afore-mentioned article:
"...It is worthy to note that in the annals of history; the duly constituted head of the Spanish Empire in the Philippines formally surrendered to only two cantonal governments:
The Independent Negros Republic on November 6, 1898 in Bacolod and to the Federal Republic of the Visayas on December 25, 1898 at Plaza Libertad in Iloilo City. Both comprised the Ilonggo Nation.
That was even before Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed President of the first Philippine Republic during ratification of the Constitution and its inauguration in Malolos, Bulacan on January 23, 1899.
Incidentally, the Treaty of Peace (Paris) wherein Spain ceded the whole archipealago to the US for $20-million to end the Spanish-American War was officially consummated and became legal and internationally binding only on APRIL 11, 1899.
Therefore, the Philippine purchase that included the "Ilonggo Nation" was anomalous.....hence...invalid ! ..."
Resum'e:
1.Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed President of the first Philippine Republic during ratification of the Constitution and its inauguration in Malolos, Bulacan on January 23, 1899.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Note that neither the Spanish nor the Americans ever surrendered to this Government, nor recognized it. On the contrary, leaders of this Government eventually surrendered to the Americans.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.The Treaty of Paris, wherein Spain ceded the whole Philippine Islands to the USA for $20-million, was officially consummated and became legally binding on APRIL 11, 1899.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(This Treaty was the legal basis upon which the Americans formed their own colonial Government in the Philippines. Eventually this Government, through continuous legal processes, gave way to the present Manila-based Unitarian Government of the Philippines. From this point of view, the present Unitarian Government of the Philippines is derived via continuous legal processes from the Treaty of Paris.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that since Spain had already surrendered to the two Ilonggo Governments before the Treaty of Paris, then technically Spain had already ceased to have jurisdiction over these Governments. Consequently, Spain could not have legally ceded these Governments and their territories to the USA. The treaty of Paris is therefore invalid with respect to these Governments. Legally, these Governments could still be regarded as extant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let us place these events in perspective:
------------------------------------------------------
The duly constituted head of the Spanish Empire in the Philippines FORMALLY SURRENDERED TO TWO AND ONLY TWO GOVERNMENTS in the Philippines:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.The INDEPENDENT NEGROS REPUBLIC on NOVEMBER 6, 1898 in Bacolod.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.The FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF THE VISAYAS on DECEMBER 25, 1898 in Iloilo City.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given that these Governments HAVE NEVER BEEN LEGALLY REPUDIATED, the implications of these events are enormous:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.When the Spanish FORMALLY AND LEGALLY surrendered to us Ilonggos, WE ILONGGOS ESTABLISHED TWO LEGALLY INDEPENDENT NATIONS.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.These two nations, from a purely legal point of view, are COMPLETELY LEGITIMATE UNTIL TODAY. (This could imply that the Manila-based Unitarian central government of the Philippines in Western Visayas is an Occupational Government, that ultimately originated from an invalid Treaty of Paris.)
-------------------------------------------------------
Please convince me otherwise...thanks!
(You are cordially invited to JOIN US!... or just witness history in the making..)
By: dinggol a. divinagracia
(Founder: Ilonggo "Nation" Movement)
In the middle part of December 2005, while writing as a newbie my first article "A Chronology: The Ilonggo Nation".. I came to realize ...that ignored in the dustbin of history, important events of the yesteryears that deserve appropriate attention and due recognition.
How and why these glorious moments in the past are forgotten and lost to oblivion boggles my mind:
Is it because history is for the victors?... Maybe another deceptive agenda like the "Mock Battle of Manila" when imperialism substituted centuries of colonialism...or perhaps to fulfill our manifest destiny... inculcate in the minds of future generations that we gain freedom and independence not in the fields of battle but thru the benevolence of our new masters... on a silver platter...or is it just a travesty of history.
Complete text of article "A Chronology: The Ilonggo Nation" at:
http://www.ilonggo-nation.8k.com
Here's excerpt from afore-mentioned article:
"...It is worthy to note that in the annals of history; the duly constituted head of the Spanish Empire in the Philippines formally surrendered to only two cantonal governments:
The Independent Negros Republic on November 6, 1898 in Bacolod and to the Federal Republic of the Visayas on December 25, 1898 at Plaza Libertad in Iloilo City. Both comprised the Ilonggo Nation.
That was even before Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed President of the first Philippine Republic during ratification of the Constitution and its inauguration in Malolos, Bulacan on January 23, 1899.
Incidentally, the Treaty of Peace (Paris) wherein Spain ceded the whole archipealago to the US for $20-million to end the Spanish-American War was officially consummated and became legal and internationally binding only on APRIL 11, 1899.
Therefore, the Philippine purchase that included the "Ilonggo Nation" was anomalous.....hence...invalid ! ..."
Resum'e:
1.Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed President of the first Philippine Republic during ratification of the Constitution and its inauguration in Malolos, Bulacan on January 23, 1899.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Note that neither the Spanish nor the Americans ever surrendered to this Government, nor recognized it. On the contrary, leaders of this Government eventually surrendered to the Americans.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.The Treaty of Paris, wherein Spain ceded the whole Philippine Islands to the USA for $20-million, was officially consummated and became legally binding on APRIL 11, 1899.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(This Treaty was the legal basis upon which the Americans formed their own colonial Government in the Philippines. Eventually this Government, through continuous legal processes, gave way to the present Manila-based Unitarian Government of the Philippines. From this point of view, the present Unitarian Government of the Philippines is derived via continuous legal processes from the Treaty of Paris.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that since Spain had already surrendered to the two Ilonggo Governments before the Treaty of Paris, then technically Spain had already ceased to have jurisdiction over these Governments. Consequently, Spain could not have legally ceded these Governments and their territories to the USA. The treaty of Paris is therefore invalid with respect to these Governments. Legally, these Governments could still be regarded as extant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let us place these events in perspective:
------------------------------------------------------
The duly constituted head of the Spanish Empire in the Philippines FORMALLY SURRENDERED TO TWO AND ONLY TWO GOVERNMENTS in the Philippines:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.The INDEPENDENT NEGROS REPUBLIC on NOVEMBER 6, 1898 in Bacolod.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.The FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF THE VISAYAS on DECEMBER 25, 1898 in Iloilo City.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given that these Governments HAVE NEVER BEEN LEGALLY REPUDIATED, the implications of these events are enormous:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.When the Spanish FORMALLY AND LEGALLY surrendered to us Ilonggos, WE ILONGGOS ESTABLISHED TWO LEGALLY INDEPENDENT NATIONS.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.These two nations, from a purely legal point of view, are COMPLETELY LEGITIMATE UNTIL TODAY. (This could imply that the Manila-based Unitarian central government of the Philippines in Western Visayas is an Occupational Government, that ultimately originated from an invalid Treaty of Paris.)
-------------------------------------------------------
Please convince me otherwise...thanks!
(You are cordially invited to JOIN US!... or just witness history in the making..)
